Solve the following exercises using Gentzen's natural deduction method for predicate logic, applying the basic inference rules presented in proof theory:

LEVEL 1

[Exercise 13] [Exercise 14]

-1.∀x(Px→ Qx)

⊦∃xQx -1.∀xPx∧∀xQx ⊦∀x(Px∧Qx)
-2. Pa      
3. Pa → Qa E∀1 (x:a)    
4. Qa E→ 2,3    
5. ∃xQx I∃4    

LEVEL 2

[Exercise 15] [Exercise 16]
-1.∀xPx ∨ ∀xQx ⊦∀x(Px∧Qx) -1.∀x∀y∀z((Rxy∧Ryz)→Rxz) ⊦∀x∀y(Rxy→¬Ryx)
    -2.∀x¬Rxx  
    3. Rab  
    | 4. Rba  
    | | 5. Rab ∧ Rba I∧3,2
    | | 6. Rab ∧Rba → Raa E∀1 (x:a, y: b, z:a)
    | | 7. Raa E→5,6
    | | 8. ¬Raa E∀2 (x:a)
    | 9. Raa∧¬Raa I∧7,8
    10. ¬Rba I¬4-9
    11. Rab → ¬Rba I→3-10
    12. ∀x∀y(Rxy→¬Ryx) I∀11

LEVEL 3

[Exercise 17]
-1.∀x(Px→ Qx) ⊦∀x(∀y(Px∧Ryx)→∀y(Qx ∧Ryx))
1. ∀y(Pa∧Rya)  
| 2. Pa ∧ Rba E∀1 (y:b)
| 3. Pa E∧2
| 4. Pa→ Qa E∀1 (x:a)
| 5. Qa E→3,4
| 6. Rba E∧2
| 7.Qa ∧ Rba I∧5,6
8. ∀y(Qa∧Rya) I∀7 (b:y)
9. ∀y(Pa∧Rya) →∀y(Qa∧Rya I→1-8
10. ∀x(∀y(Px∧Ryx)→∀y(Qx ∧Ryx)) I∀9 (a:x)

 

[Exercise 18]

-1.∀x(Px→(

∀y(Qy∧Ryz)↔¬Sx))

⊦∀x((Px∧∀y¬(Qy∧Ryx))→

¬Sx)

 

Solutions

 

 

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